Means and method for performing multiplication

ABSTRACT

A multiplier for obtaining the product of elements in a Galois Field. The multiplier performs the multiplication of two n-bit elements, A(a n-1 , a n-2 , . . . , a 3 , a 2 , a 1 , a 0 ) and B(b n-1 , b n-2 , . . . , b 3 , b 2 , b 1 , b 0 ) in the Galois Field to yield the product C(c n-1 , c n-2 , . . . , c 3 , c 2 , c 1 , c 0 ), wherein n≧1 a i (i=0˜n-1), b j (j=0˜n-1), and c k (k=O˜n-1) are all binary bits. The multiplier includes: an AND planer, for performing an AND logic operation of every bit a i  in A(a n-1 , a n-2 , . . . , a 3 , a 2 , a 1 , a 0 ) and every bit b j  in B(b n-1 , b n-2 , . . . , b 3 , b 2 , b 1 , b 0 ) to obtain (a n-1 b n-1 , a n-1 b n-2 , . . . , a n-1 b 0 , a n-2 b n-1 , a n-2 b n-2 , . . . , a n-2 b 0 , a 0 b n-1 , a 0 b n-2 , . . . , a 0 b 0 ); and an XOR planer, for performing an XOR logic operation of the output from the AND planer to obtain C(c n-1 , c n-2 , . . . , c 3 , c 2 , c 1 , c 0 ).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates in general to a multiplier for obtaining the multiplication product of elements in a Galois Field, and more particularly to a multiplier which effectively yields the product of Galois Field elements by using a combination circuit implementation.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

Conventionally, binary scales are utilized to store and read data in a computer. An 8-bit byte is taken as an example. The byte “00000000” represents the value 0, the byte “00000001” represents the value 1, and similarly, the byte “11111111” represents the value 255. Herein, the symbol F{2{circumflex over ( )}8} is used to represent the 8-bit binary field. In the field F{2{circumflex over ( )}8}, every element represents a byte which corresponds to a value in [0,255] respectively. Moreover, the 8-bit Galois Field is denoted by GF{2{circumflex over ( )}8}. Every byte in the field GF{2{circumflex over ( )}8} can be represented by a value in {0, α, α{circumflex over ( )}2, . . . , α{circumflex over ( )}255}, respectively, wherein α is “00000010”.

The multiplication operation, denoted by “*”, of any byte A (a₇,a₆,a₅,a₄,a₃,a₂,a₁, a₀) in GF{2{circumflex over ( )}8} and α conventionally follows two steps. First, every bit b_(i) (i=0˜7) of the byte A should be first left-shifted for one bit. Then, according to the Equation (1), the product of A* α can be obtained.

A*α=(a₆,a₅,a₄,a₃,a₂,a₁,a₀,0)⊕(0,0,0,a₇,a₇,a₇,0,a₇)  (1)

While any byte A (a₇, a₆, a₅, a₄, a₃, a₂, a₁, a₀) in GF{2{circumflex over ( )}8} is to be multiplied by α, the multiplication, denoted by “*”, is performed as follows : every bit b_(i) (i=0˜7) in the byte A should be first left-shifted for one bit, and then according to the Equation (1), the value of A* α can be obtained.

The operator “⊕” in the Equation (1) is an Exclusive OR (XOR) logic operation.

TABLE 1 A A*α 00000001 00000010(=α) 00000010(=α) 00000100(=α{circumflex over ( )}2)   .   .   .   .   .   . 10000000(=α{circumflex over ( )}7) 00011101(=α{circumflex over ( )}8) 00011101(=α{circumflex over ( )}8) 00111010(=α{circumflex over ( )}9)   .   .   .   .   .   . 11001101(=α{circumflex over ( )}12) 10000111(=α{circumflex over ( )}13)   .   .   .   .   .   . 10000110(=α{circumflex over ( )}254) 00000001(=α{circumflex over ( )}255)

The result of the above-mentioned multiplication as shown in Table 1 can be obtained, basing on the equation α{circumflex over ( )}8=α{circumflex over ( )}4⊕α{circumflex over ( )}3⊕α{circumflex over ( )}2⊕α{circumflex over ( )}0. Consequently, it is to be understood that α{circumflex over ( )}2 is “00000100”, . . . , α{circumflex over ( )}7 is “10000000”, and α{circumflex over ( )}8 is “00001101”.

When the most significant bit (MSB), b₇, of the byte A is “1”, according to the Equation (1), the value of A*α is the result of (a₆,a₅,a₄,a₃,a₂,a₁,a₀,0) ⊕ (0,0,0,0,1,1,0,1). Thus, α{circumflex over ( )}9 is “00111010”, . . . , α{circumflex over ( )}12 is “11001101”, α{circumflex over ( )}13 is “10000111”, . . . , and accordingly, α{circumflex over ( )}255 is “00000001”. The operation including the steps of left-shifting every bit by one bit and utilizing the XOR logic operation is called a “shift operation.”

It is demonstrated that each of the 256 values 0, α, α{circumflex over ( )}2, . . . , α{circumflex over ( )}255, corresponds to each byte in [0,255], respectively.

Conventionally, the multiplication product of the two elements A, B in GF{2{circumflex over ( )}8} is obtained by first expressing the multiplier B(B≠0) in the form of α{circumflex over ( )}n (n=1≠255). Time for finding the value n is assumed to be T. To obtain the product of A*B, the multiplicand A should be multiplied by α n times, and each time, the shift operation mentioned above has to be performed once. Therefore, to multiply A by α n times needs the shift operation to be applied n times. This shift operation takes about one period T. While the value of n is large, such as 250, the shift operation has to be performed 250 times, which takes at long as 250*T. Therefore, the time-consumption is high.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore a primary object of the invention to provide a multiplier for obtaining the product of elements in a Galois Field. By applying the features of elements in the Galois Field, and a combination circuit implementation in computer hardware, the product of the multiplication can be quickly obtained.

In order to accomplish the object of the invention, a multiplier for obtaining the product of elements in a Galois Field is proposed. The multiplier performs the multiplication of two n-bit elements A(a_(n-1), a_(n-2), . . . . , a₃, a₂, a₁, a₀) and B(b_(n-1), b_(n-2), . . . , b₃, b₂, b₁, b₀) in the Galois Field. Therefore, the product C=A*B=(c_(n-1),c_(n-2), . . . , c₃, c₂, c₁, c₀) is obtained, wherein n≧1 and a_(i) (i=0˜n-1), b_(j)(j=0˜n-1), and c_(k)(k=0˜n−1) are all binary bits. The multiplier includes an AND planer, that is, a circuit for performing an AND logic operation of every bit a_(i)(i=0˜n−1) in A(a_(n-1), a_(n-2), . . . , a₃, a₂, a₁, a₀) and every bit b_(j)(j=0˜n-1) in B(b_(n-1), b_(n-2), . . . , b₃, b₂, b₁, b₀) to obtain (a_(n-1)b_(n-1), a_(n-1)b_(n-2), . . . , a_(n-1)b₀, a_(n-2)b_(n-1), a_(n-2)b_(n-2), . . . . , a_(n-2)b₀, a₀b_(n-1), a₀b_(n-2), . . . , a₀b₀). The multiplier further includes an XOR planer, that is, a circuit for performing an XOR logic operation of (a_(n-1)b_(n-1), a_(n-1)b_(n-2), . . . , a_(n-1)b₀, a_(n-2)b_(n-1), a_(n-2)b_(n-2), . . . , a_(n-2)b₀, a₀b_(n-1), a₀b_(n-2), . . . , a₀b₀) to obtain (c_(n-1), c_(n-2), . . . , c₃, c₂, c₁, c₀).

As n=8,

c₀=b₀a₀⊕b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕b₆a₂⊕b₇a₁⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅⊕b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆⊕b₇a₇;

c₁=b₀a₁⊕b₁a₀⊕b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂⊕b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆⊕b₇a₇;

c₂=b₀a₂⊕b₁a₁⊕b₂a₀⊕b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕b₆a₂⊕b₇a₁⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅⊕b₆a₄⊕b₇a₃⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅⊕b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆;

c₃=b₀a₃⊕b₁a₂⊕b₂a₁⊕b₃a₀⊕b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕b₆a₂ ⊕b₇a₁⊕b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂⊕b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₄⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅;

c₄=b₀a₄⊕b₁a₃⊕b₂a₂⊕b₃a₁⊕b₄a₀⊕b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕b₆a₂⊕b₇a₁⊕b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅⊕b₆a₄⊕b₇a₃⊕b₇a₇;

c₅=b₀a₅⊕b₁a₄⊕b₂a₃⊕b₃a₂⊕b₄a₁⊕b₅a₀⊕b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₄⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅⊕b₆a₄⊕b₇a₃;

c₆=b₀a₆⊕b₁a₅⊕b₂a₄⊕b₃a₃⊕b₄a₂⊕b₅a₁⊕b₆a₀⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅ ⊕b₆a₄⊕b₇a₃⊕b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₄⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅; and

c₇=b₀a₇⊕b₁a₆⊕b₂a₅⊕b₃a₄⊕b₄a₃⊕b₅a₂⊕b₆a₁⊕b₇a₀⊕b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆ ⊕b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₄⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅.

It is therefore another object of the invention to provide a multiplier for data decoding of an audio-video processor. The multiplier performs a multiplication operation of elements in the Galois Field. The multiplier includes a first combination circuit for performing an AND logic operation of the bits of the multipicand and the bits of multiplier to yield another set of bits. The multiplier further includes a second combination circuit, for performing an XOR logic operation of the bits outputted from the first combination circuit to yield the bits of the product.

It is therefore a further object of the invention to provide a multiplication methods of elements in a Galois Field. The method is used for data decoding in an audio-video processor. The method includes a step of performing an AND logic operation of the bits of the multiplicand and the bits of the multiplier to obtain another set of bits and a step of performing an XOR logic operation of the outputted bits to obtain the product.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred but non-limiting embodiments. The description is made with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a multiplier according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a partial logic circuit diagram of the multiplier according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

The process of how to obtain the coefficients in the multiplication between two elements A, B in GF{2{circumflex over ( )}8} is first described.

Two 8-bit elements A(a₇, a₆, a₅, a₄, a₃, a₂, a₁, a₀) and B(b₇, b₆, b₅, b₄, b₃, b₂, b₁, b₀) in GF{2{circumflex over ( )}8} are first given, wherein a_(i)(i=0˜7) and b_(i)(j=0˜7) are all binary bits. The elements A and B can be represented as follows.

A=(a₇, a₆, a₅, a₄, a₃, a₂, a₁, a₀)=a₇*α{circumflex over ( )}7⊕a₆*α{circumflex over ( )}6⊕a₅*α{circumflex over ( )}5⊕a₄*α{circumflex over ( )}4⊕a₃*α{circumflex over ( )}3⊕

a₂*α{circumflex over ( )}2⊕a₁*α{circumflex over ( )}1⊕a₀*α{circumflex over ( )}0  (2)

B=(b₇,b₆, b₅, b₄, b₃, b₂, b₁, b₀)=b₇*α{circumflex over ( )}7⊕b₆*α{circumflex over ( )}6⊕b₅*α{circumflex over ( )}5⊕b₄*α{circumflex over ( )}4⊕b₃*α{circumflex over ( )}3⊕

 b₂*α{circumflex over ( )}2⊕b₁*α{circumflex over ( )}1⊕b₀*α{circumflex over ( )}0  (3)

wherein

α{circumflex over ( )}0=“00000001”=α{circumflex over ( )}255

α{circumflex over ( )}1=“00000010”

α{circumflex over ( )}2=“00000100”

α{circumflex over ( )}3=“00001000”

α{circumflex over ( )}4=“00010000”

α{circumflex over ( )}5=“00100000”

α{circumflex over ( )}6=“01000000”

α{circumflex over ( )}7=“10000000”

Therefore, the product C of element A multiplied by B can be represented as follows.

C=A*B=b₀a₀*α{circumflex over ( )}0⊕(b₀a₁⊕b₁a₀)*α{circumflex over ( )}1⊕

(b₀a₂⊕b₁a₁⊕b₂a₀)*α{circumflex over ( )}2⊕

(b₀a₃⊕b₁a₂⊕b₂a₁⊕b₃a₀)*α{circumflex over ( )}3⊕

(b₀a₄⊕b₁a₃⊕b₂a₂⊕b₃a₁⊕b₄a₀)*α{circumflex over ( )}4⊕

(b₀a₅⊕b₁a₄⊕b₂a₃⊕b₃a₂⊕b₄a₁⊕b₅a₀)*α{circumflex over ( )}5⊕

(b₀a₆⊕b₁a₅⊕b₂a₄⊕b₃a₃⊕b₄a₂⊕b₅a₁⊕b₆a₀)*α{circumflex over ( )}6⊕

(b₀a₇⊕b₁a₆⊕b₂a₅⊕b₃a₄⊕b₄a₃⊕b₅a₂⊕b₆a₁⊕b₇a₀)*α{circumflex over ( )}7⊕

(b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕b₆a₂⊕b₇a₁)*α{circumflex over ( )}8⊕

 (b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂)*α{circumflex over ( )}9⊕

(b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅⊕b₆a₄⊕b₇a₃)*α{circumflex over ( )}10⊕

(b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₄)*α{circumflex over ( )}11⊕

(b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅)*α{circumflex over ( )}12⊕

(b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆)*α{circumflex over ( )}13⊕

b₇a₇*α{circumflex over ( )}14  (4)

Continuously, as shown in Equations (5)˜(11), α{circumflex over ( )}8, α{circumflex over ( )}9, α{circumflex over ( )}10, α{circumflex over ( )}11, α{circumflex over ( )}12, α{circumflex over ( )}13, and α{circumflex over ( )}14 can be represented by the combination of α{circumflex over ( )}0, α{circumflex over ( )}1, α{circumflex over ( )}2, α{circumflex over ( )}3, α{circumflex over ( )}4, α{circumflex over ( )}5, α{circumflex over ( )}6, and α{circumflex over ( )}7.

α{circumflex over ( )}8=α{circumflex over ( )}4⊕α{circumflex over ( )}3⊕α{circumflex over ( )}2⊕α{circumflex over ( )}0  (5)

 α{circumflex over ( )}9=α{circumflex over ( )}5⊕α{circumflex over ( )}4⊕α{circumflex over ( )}3⊕α{circumflex over ( )}1  (6)

α{circumflex over ( )}10=α{circumflex over ( )}6⊕α{circumflex over ( )}5⊕α{circumflex over ( )}4⊕α{circumflex over ( )}2  (7)

α{circumflex over ( )}11=α{circumflex over ( )}7⊕α{circumflex over ( )}6⊕α{circumflex over ( )}5⊕α{circumflex over ( )}3  (8)

α{circumflex over ( )}12=α{circumflex over ( )}7⊕α{circumflex over ( )}6⊕α{circumflex over ( )}3⊕α{circumflex over ( )}2⊕α{circumflex over ( )}0  (9)

α{circumflex over ( )}13=α{circumflex over ( )}7⊕α{circumflex over ( )}2⊕α{circumflex over ( )}1⊕α{circumflex over ( )}0  (10)

α{circumflex over ( )}14=α{circumflex over ( )}4⊕α{circumflex over ( )}1⊕α{circumflex over ( )}0  (11)

Moreover, according to Equations (5)˜(11), the Equation (4) can be converted and the value C can be represented by the combination of α{circumflex over ( )}0, α{circumflex over ( )}1, α{circumflex over ( )}2, α{circumflex over ( )}3, α{circumflex over ( )}4, α{circumflex over ( )}5, α{circumflex over ( )}6, and α{circumflex over ( )}7, which is as follows,

C=c₇*α{circumflex over ( )}7⊕c₆*α{circumflex over ( )}6⊕c₅*α{circumflex over ( )}5⊕c₄*α{circumflex over ( )}4⊕c₃*α{circumflex over ( )}3⊕c₂*α{circumflex over ( )}2⊕c₁* α{circumflex over ( )}1⊕c₀*α{circumflex over ( )}

 =(c₇, c₆, c₅, c₄, c₃, c₂, c₁, c₀),

wherein the coefficients c_(k) (k=0˜7) are all binary bits, and can be obtained by Equations (12)˜(19). Notice that the symbol “⊕” in all Equations listed above is an XOR logic operator.

c₀=b₀a₀⊕b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕b₆a₂⊕b₇a₁⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅⊕b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆⊕b₇a₇  (12)

c₁=b₀a₁⊕b₁a₀⊕b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂⊕b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆⊕b₇a₇  (13)

c₂=b₀a₂⊕b₁a₁⊕b₂a₀⊕b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕b₆a₂⊕b₇a₁⊕

b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅⊕b₆a₄⊕b₇a₃⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅⊕b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆  (14)

 c₃=b₀a₃⊕b₁a₂⊕b₂a₁⊕b₃a₀⊕b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕b₆a₂⊕

b₇a₁⊕b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂⊕b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₄⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅  (15)

c₄=b₀a₄⊕b₁a₃⊕b₂a₂⊕b₃a₁⊕b₄a₀⊕b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕

b₆a₂⊕b₇a₁⊕b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₇a₃⊕b₇a₇  (16)

c₅=b₀a₅⊕b₁a₄⊕b₂a₃⊕b₃a₂⊕b₄a₁⊕b₅a₀⊕b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕

b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₅⊕b₇a₄⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅⊕b₆a₄⊕b₇a₃  (17)

c₆=b₀a₆⊕b₁a₅⊕b₂a₄⊕b₃a₃⊕b₄a₂⊕b₅a₁⊕b₆a₀⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅⊕

b₆a₄⊕b₇a₃⊕b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₄⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅  (18)

 c₇=b₀a₇⊕b₁a₆⊕b₂a₅⊕b₃a₄⊕b₄a₃⊕b₅a₂⊕b₆a₁⊕b₇a₀⊕b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆⊕

b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₄⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅  (19)

According to FIG. 1, which is a diagram of a multiplier based on a preferred embodiment of the invention. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, a multiplier used to obtain the product of the 8-bit-element in the Galois Field is taken as an example. However, a multiplier for yielding the product of the n-bit (n≧1) elements is also within the scope of the invention.

According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, a multiplier 10 is disclosed. The multiplier 10 includes an AND planer 11, and an XOR planer 13. The AND planer 11 includes a number of AND Gates. The AND planer 11 is input by bits a_(i)(i=0˜7) in one element A(a₇, a₆, a₅, a₄, a₃, a₂, a₁, a₀), and bits b_(j)(j=0˜7) in another element B(b₇, b₆, b₅, b₄, b₃, b₂, b₁, b₀). The XOR planer 13 has a number of XOR Gates, which outputs an element C(c₇, c₆, c₅, c₄, c₃, c₂, c₁, c₀).

In order to obtain the product of the two elements A(a₇, a₆, a₅, a₄, a₃, a₂, a₁, a₀) and B(b₇, b₆, b₅, b₄, b₃, b₂, b₁, b₀) in GF{2{circumflex over ( )}8}, and AND logic operation of the bits a_(i)(i=0˜7) and b_(j)(j=0˜7), using the AND planer 11, is first performed. 64 output values b₀a₀, b₀a₁, . . . , b₀a₇, b₁a₀, b₁a₁, . . . , b₁a₇, b₂a₀, b₂a₁. . . . , and b₂a₇ can be therefore obtained.

Next, by inputting the above-mentioned 64 values to the XOR planer 13 which is especially set for 8-bit elements, the values of c₇, c₆, c₅, c₄, c₃, c₂, c₁, c₀ can be obtained. Thus, the value of C is known and the product of A*B is yielded.

As shown in Equation (13), in order to obtain the value of c₁, first, the values of b₀a₁, b₁a₀, b₂a₇, b₃a₆, b₄a₅, b₅a₄, b₆a₃, b₇a₂, b₆a₇, b₇a₆, and b₇a₇ needed to be found and then the XOR logic operation of the 11 values has to be then performed.

Referring to FIG. 2, an AND logic operation on each couples of (b₀, a₁);(b₁, a₀);b₂, a₇);(b₃, a₆);(b₄, a₅); (b₅, a₄); (b₆, a₃);(b₇, a₂);(b₆, a₇);(b₇, a₆);(b₇, a₇) is first performed to yield the values of b₀a₁, b₁a₀, b₂a₇, b₃a₆, b₄a₅, b₅a₄, b₆a₃, b₇a₂, b₆a₇, b₇a₆, and b₇a₇ from the output of the AND planer 11.

Next, in the XOR planer 13, an XOR logic operation of b₀a₁, b₁a₀, b₂a₇, b₃a₆, b₄a₅, b₅a₄, b₆a₃, b₇a₂, b₆a₇, b₇a_(6,), and b₇a₇ is performed to obtain the value c₁.

The multiplier and the method according to the invention for obtaining the product of Galois Field elements can be also applied to data decoding in the audio-video processor, such as a compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM) drive.

The characteristics of the invention lie on utilizing the features that every element in GF{2{circumflex over ( )}8} can be expressed by the exponent/exponential numbers of the byte α. In addition, a combined logic operation including AND and XOR operations at a computer hardware is then performed. Therefore, the product of any two elements can be simply obtained by inputting the bit value and performing the above-mentioned combined logic operation. And this process takes only one about cycle time T.

If 0.35 μm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (CMOSFET) is used as the device for logic gates, the above-mentioned combination logic circuit needs about 250 to 350 logic gates. The span of one period T is about 4 nano seconds. Therefore, the means and the method of the invention is much less time-consuming than the conventional ones.

While the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of a preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto. To the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements and procedures, and the scope of the appended claims therefore should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements and procedures. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A multiplier, for data decoding of an audio-video processor, which performs a multiplication operation of a first element and a second element in Galois Field to obtain a third element, wherein the first element has a plurality of first bits, the second element has a plurality of second bits, and the third element has a plurality of third bits, and wherein the multiplier comprises: a first combination circuit, for performing an AND logic operation of the first bits and the second bits to obtain a plurality of fourth bits; and a second combination circuit, for performing an exclusive or (XOR) logic operation of the fourth bits outputted from the first combination circuit to yield the third bits; wherein the multiplier takes substantially one cycle time to perform the AND logic operation and the XOR logic operation to yield the third bits; wherein each of the first element, the second element and the third element has n bits; the first bits are represented by (a_(n−1), a_(n−2), a_(n−3), . . . , a₄, a₃, a₂, a₁, a₀), and a_(i) (i=0˜n−1) is a binary bit; the second bits are represented by (b_(n−1), b_(n−2), b_(n−3), . . . , b₄, b₃, b₂, b₁, b₀), and b_(j)(j=0˜n−1) is a binary bit; the third bits are represented by (c_(n−1), c_(n−2), c_(n−3), . . . , c₄, c₃, c₂, c₁, c₀), and c_(k)(k=0˜n−1) is a binary bit; the fourth bits are represented by (a_(n−1) b_(n−1), a_(n−1)b_(n−2), . . . , a_(n−1)b₀, a_(n−2)b_(n−1), a_(n−2)b_(n−2), . . . , a_(n−2)b₀, a₀b_(n−1), a₀b_(n−2), . . . , a₀b₀), and a_(i)b_(j)(i=0˜n−1, j−0˜n−1) is a binary bit; wherein n is equal to 8; and wherein: c₀=b₀a₀⊕b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕b₆a₂⊕b₇a₁⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅⊕b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆⊕b₇a₇; c₁=b₀a₁⊕b₁a₀⊕b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂⊕b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆⊕b₇a₇; c₂=b₀a₂⊕b₁a₁⊕b₂a₀⊕b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕b₆a₂⊕b₇a₁⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅⊕b₆a₄⊕b₇a₃⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅⊕b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆; c₃=b₀a₃⊕b₁a₂⊕b₂a₁⊕b₃a₀⊕b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕b₆a₂⊕b₇a₁⊕b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂⊕b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₄⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅; c₄=b₀a₄⊕b₁a₃⊕b₂a₂⊕b₃a₁⊕b₄a₀⊕b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕b₆a₂⊕b₇a₁⊕b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅⊕b₆a₄⊕b₇a₃⊕b₇a₇; c₅=b₀a₅⊕b₁a₄⊕b₂a₃⊕b₃a₂⊕b₄a₁⊕b₅a₀⊕b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₄⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅⊕b₆a₄⊕b₇a₃; c₆=b₀a₆⊕b₁a₅⊕b₂a₄⊕b₃a₃⊕b₄a₂⊕b₅a₁⊕b₆a₀⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅⊕b₆a₄⊕b₇a₃⊕b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₄⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅; and c₇=b₀a₇⊕b₁a₆⊕b₂a₅⊕b₃a₄⊕b₄a₃⊕b₅a₂⊕b₆a₁⊕b₇a₀⊕b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆⊕b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₄⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅.
 2. A multiplier according to claim 1, wherein the first combination circuit is an AND planer.
 3. A multiplier according to claim 1, wherein the second combination circuit is an XOR planer.
 4. A multiplier according to claim 1, wherein the audio-video processor is a compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM) drive.
 5. A method for obtaining a product of elements in Galois Field, wherein the method is used for data decoding in an audio-video processor, wherein the method is for multiplying a first element in the Galois Field by a second element in Galois Field to obtain a third element, wherein the first element has a plurality of first bits, the second element has a plurality of second bits, and the third element has a plurality of third bits, the method comprising: performing an AND logic operation of the first bits and the second bits to obtain a plurality of fourth bits; and performing an XOR logic operation of the fourth bits to obtain the third bits; wherein substantially one cycle time is taken to perform the AND logic operation and the XOR logic operation to obtain the third bits; wherein each of the first element, the second element and the third element has n bits; the first bits are represented by (a_(n−1), a_(n−2), a_(n−3), · · · , a₄, a₃, a₂, a₁, a₀), and a_(i) (i=0˜n−1) is a binary bit; the second bits are represented by (b_(n−1), b_(n−2), b_(n−3), · · · , b₄, b₃, b₂, b₁, b₀), and b_(j)(j=0˜n−1) is a binary bit; the third bits are represented by (c_(n−1), c_(n−2), c_(n−3), · · · , c₄, c₃, c₂, c₁, c₀), and c_(k)(k=0˜n−1) is a binary bit; the fourth bits are represented by (a_(n−1) b_(n−1), a_(n−1)b_(n−2), · · · , a_(n−1)b₀, a_(n−2)b_(n−1), a_(n−2)b_(n−2), · · · , a_(n−2)b₀, a₀b_(n−1), a₀b_(n−2), · · · , a₀b₀), and a_(i)b_(j)(i=0˜n−1, j−0˜n−1) is a binary bit; wherein n is equal to 8; and wherein: c₀=b₀a₀⊕b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕b₆a₂⊕b₇a₁⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅⊕b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆⊕b₇a₇; c₁=b₀a₁⊕b₁a₀⊕b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂⊕b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆⊕b₇a₇; c₂=b₀a₂⊕b₁a₁⊕b₂a₀⊕b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕b₆a₂⊕b₇a₁⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅⊕b₆a₄⊕b₇a₃⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅⊕b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆; c₃=b₀a₃⊕b₁a₂⊕b₂a₁⊕b₃a₀⊕b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕b₆a₂⊕b₇a₁⊕b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂⊕b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₄⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅; c₄=b₀a₄⊕b₁a₃⊕b₂a₂⊕b₃a₁⊕b₄a₀⊕b₁a₇⊕b₂a₆⊕b₃a₅⊕b₄a₄⊕b₅a₃⊕b₆a₂⊕b₇a₁⊕b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅⊕b₆a₄⊕b₇a₃⊕b₇a₇; c₅=b₀a₅⊕b₁a₄⊕b₂a₃⊕b₃a₂⊕b₄a₁⊕b₅a₀⊕b₂a₇⊕b₃a₆⊕b₄a₅⊕b₅a₄⊕b₆a₃⊕b₇a₂⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₄⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅⊕b₆a₄⊕b₇a₃; c₆=b₀a₆⊕b₁a₅⊕b₂a₄⊕b₃a₃⊕b₄a₂⊕b₅a₁⊕b₆a₀⊕b₃a₇⊕b₄a₆⊕b₅a₅⊕b₆a₄⊕b₇a₃⊕b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₄⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅; and c₇=b₀a₇⊕b₁a₆⊕b₂a₅⊕b₃a₄⊕b₄a₃⊕b₅a₂⊕b₆a₁⊕b₇a₀⊕b₆a₇⊕b₇a₆⊕b₄a₇⊕b₅a₆⊕b₆a₅⊕b₇a₄⊕b₅a₇⊕b₆a₆⊕b₇a₅.
 6. A method according to claim 5, wherein the audio-video processor is a compact disk read only memory (CD-ROM) drive. 